east african genetics bodybuilding
2010; Meyer et al. 2012). In the following subsections, we discuss major migration events that have shaped population structure in Africa during the past 10,000 years. We start with discussing admixture events in the deeper past and move to admixture events closer to the present day. 2012; Hsieh, Veeramah, et al. The dominance of East African runners in marathons (especially Kenyans and Ethiopians) led people to assume a genetic predisposition (Pitsiladis, Onywera, East African population has a very low food intake. East African fishermen live far from shore in subarctic zones, where winter temperatures can drop below 0C. A textbook example of dietary adaptation and convergent evolution involves lactase persistence, and studies of African pastoralists have identified adaptive regulatory variants near the LCT and MCM6 genes (Segurel and Bon 2017). 2016; Ongaro et al. (2017), Scheinfeldt et al. 2017; Lopez et al. Specifically, the Khoe-San exhibit the highest genetic diversity of all human lineages, with a mean heterozygosity of 1.154 103 compared with 1.09 103 in the Mandenka (Schlebusch et al. Limited sex-biased gene flow between the Fulani (and/or other sub-Saharan populations) and Arab nomadic pastoralists has been suggested, as more mtDNA than Y chromosomal haplogroup sharing was observed between the two groups, with most shared haplogroups being of sub-Saharan origin (kov et al. 2009). WebThe genetic history of Egypt reflects its geographical location at the crossroads of several major biocultural areas: North Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.A 2017 DNA study found that Ancient Egyptians had a genetic profile similar to that of modern Egyptians and had a high affinity with the population of the In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how admixturemostly during the last 10,000 yearshas shaped present-day population structure in Africa and how recent genetic studies complement linguistics and archeology in reconstructing the history of African populations. (2017), Crawford et al. The Kx`a-speaking Ju|Hoan and !Xun and the Khoekhoe-speaking Hai||om are representative of the North Khoe-San ancestry component, the Khoekhoe-speaking Nama and Tuu-speaking Khomani and Karretije are representative of the South Khoe-San ancestry component, and all remaining Khoe-San population are representative of the central Khoe-San ancestry component (Montinaro et al. Also will I make faster progress if i start hitting the gym consistently ? Petersen et al. Additionally, multiple studies have also shown the significance of including ancestry to effectively direct the outcomes of treatment. (A) The stepwise spread of lactose persistence from northeastern Africa into eastern Africa and subsequently into southern Africa. Note that we tried to refer to populations according to current naming conventions, and when we refer to admixture between specific populations, this does not necessarily imply the mixing of these exact populations, but rather the mixing of genetically similar populations. 2023), suggesting that the short stature of RHG evolved through positive selection on several loci. 2020), sub-Saharan gene flow was also likely sex-biased with female-biased sub-Saharan and male-biased Middle Eastern contributions (Arauna et al. Additional infectious diseases that have been major targets of selection in Africa include HIV-1, trypanosomiasis (i.e., African sleeping sickness), smallpox, and tuberculosis (Karlsson et al. For these reasons, studying more granular population structure in Africa, including potentially adapted genes, may increase our understanding of the genetics of complex traits (Chaichoompu et al. The Maghrebi component is represented by 15,000-year-old Paleolithic individuals from Taforalt, Morocco, whose ancestry is best modeled as a mix of an early Holocene Middle Eastern (63.5%), that is, Levantine Natufians, and a sub-Saharan component (Van De Loosdrecht et al. 2018). WebThe Arab world has one of the highest rates of genetic disorders globally; some 906 pathologies are endemic to the Arab states, including thalassaemia, Tourette's syndrome, Wilson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, and Niemann-Pick disease. 2020). 3. (2017), Scheinfeldt et al. 2015). A Snakemake (Mlder et al. 2020). 1. Genetic counselors are certified professionals who help patients understand the results of genetic testing. 2. 2015). A subsequent study using samples from wider geographic and ethnolinguistic groups showed that eBSPs, seBSPs, and southwestern BSPs (swBSPs) are genetically closest to Bantu speakers from Zambia (Choudhury et al. 2010). Individuals with shared genetic ancestry tend to be more genetically similar. The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan 5. We thank Mimi Holness for her helpful comments and suggestions. 2007). 2017; Serra-Vidal et al. 2020). 2009; Schlebusch et al. During this time, slaves were trade by the Dutch East India Company from East Africa, Madagascar and surrounding islands, India, and Indonesia, leading to settlerslave admixture, including indigenous Khoe-San people (de Wit et al. However, the Tunisian Imazighen were the only Imazighen population in this study and were subsequently found to be an outlier in terms of ancestry composition, low genetic diversity, and high amount of runs of homozygosity (Arauna et al. Middle Easternrelated ancestry was found to range from 27.6% in the Baggara from Chad and Sudan to 95.1% in the Rashaayda from Sudan (Hollfelder et al. (2021) found that fine-scale genetic substructure among seBSPs in South Africa correlates well with geography and linguistics and persists even after accounting for differential levels of Khoe-San admixture. Principal componentsA set of uncorrelated variables derived from the original data set through linear transformations, which maximize the variance between samples and reduce the dimensionality of the data while preserving the most important information. Ive a undertaking that Im just now working on, and Ive been at the look out for such info. Bodybuilders work hard to perfect their six-pack abs and other muscles through intense training sessions, but many also have ripped bodies due to their genetics. 2019; Naidoo et al. 2. Importantly, African genomes are heterogeneous: They contain mixtures of multiple ancestries, each of which have experienced different evolutionary histories. 2020). CLASS OF 2020 - Bellarmine College Preparatory The genetic basis for elite running performance - PubMed During the last few centuries, European colonization of the Cape by the Dutch, Germans, and French, later followed by British seizure and rule, contributed to the complex admixture patterns at the Western Cape. Khoekhoe-speaking populations (e.g., the Nama), who currently practice a pastoralist lifestyle, have a high-frequency lactase persistence (LP) allele that is also found in East African populations (Schlebusch et al. 2012; Triska et al. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 2010; Ongaro et al. 2017; Skoglund et al. 2022; Fan et al. 2013; Gurdasani et al. Using ArchIE, they identified a set of possibly adaptively introgressed genes that are at high frequencies in West Africans (99.9th percentile of putatively introgressed allele frequencies): NF1, MTFR2, HSD17B2, KCN1P4, and TRPS1 (Durvasula and Sankararaman 2020). 2019). Many huntergatherer groups experienced declines in Ne during the Holocene and have small census population sizes today (Patin et al. 2019). 4C) (Triska et al. During the first admixture event 1.8 kya, the European component is best resembled by present-day northwestern Europeans, whereas during the second pulse 300 years ago, the European component is more closely related to contemporary southwestern Europeans (Vicente, Priehodov, et al. They also practice a lot of weight lifting. 2012; Li et al. 2022). (2019) found additional evidence for gene flow from the Ju|Hoan (northern) into the Hoan (central), from the |Gui/Xade San (central) into the Naro (central), and from an undefined Khoe-San population into the Nama (southern). 2019; Fortes-Lima et al. 2020). There Are Some Resones Of Why east african Have Good genetics For bodybuilding. This requires meaningful engagement of community stakeholders on ethical, legal, and social issues as well as the communication of results, to guarantee that the benefits outweigh the risks (Lemke et al. Despite what is described here, we have only provided an overview of admixture events in the course of major migratory events, for example, the expansion of Bantu speakers. 2014). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. However, the possibility of archaic ghost admixture is also supported by fossil records from across Africa, indicating that modern humans spatially and temporally overlapped with hominins exhibiting archaic features (Harvati et al. Their diet mainly consists of fish, crustaceans, and seals. 2017; Skoglund et al. 2022). Do East Africans Really Have Bad Bodybuilding Genetics? In this review, we focus on genetic studies that uncovered extensive archaic, prehistoric, and recent gene flow that has occurred in Africa. 2012; Lachance et al. 2021). (2017) concluded that a highly divergent haplotype of MUC7 introgressed into modern West Africans from an archaic lineage. 2015; Busby et al. Furthermore, variants that are rare on a global level (<1% frequency) are more frequently found to be common in African populations, that is, there is an excess of variants exclusively found in Africans (Auton et al. 2012). Search for other works by this author on: The genetic architecture of adaptations to high altitude in Ethiopia, Berbers and Arabs: tracing the genetic diversity and history of Southern Tunisia through genome wide analysis, Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people, Recent historical migrations have shaped the gene pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa, A global reference for human genetic variation, Genetic structure and sex-biased gene flow in the history of southern African populations, Unraveling the complex maternal history of Southern African Khoisan populations, Leveraging genetic ancestry to study health disparities, Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes, Effect of NQO1 and CYP4F2 genotypes on warfarin dose requirements in HispanicAmericans and AfricanAmericans, Lactase persistence alleles reveal partial East African ancestry of southern African Khoe pastoralists, Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans, Admixture into and within sub-Saharan Africa Pickrell, JK, editor, Human adaptation, demography and cattle domestication: an overview of the complexity of lactase persistence in Africa, Human genomic diversity in Europe: a summary of human genomic diversity in Europe: a summary of recent research and prospects for the future, Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations, A different view on fine-scale population structure in Western African populations, Identifying and interpreting apparent neanderthal ancestry in African individuals, Determining ancestry proportions in complex admixture scenarios in South Africa using a novel proxy ancestry selection method, Genome-wide association study of ancestry-specific TB risk in the South African Coloured population, Whole-genome sequencing for an enhanced understanding of genetic variation among South Africans, High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health, Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in Southern Africa, Genetic structure of the western and Eastern African Sahel/Savannah belt and the role of nomadic pastoralists as inferred from the variation of D-loop mitochondrial DNA sequences, On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola, Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations, Genetic variants in CYP (-1A2, -2C9, -2C19, -3A4 and -3A5), VKORC1 and ABCB1 genes in a black South African population: a window into diversity, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages, A panel of ancestry informative markers for the complex five-way admixed South African Coloured population, Using multi-way admixture mapping to elucidate TB susceptibility in the South African Coloured population, Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured population in the Western Cape, Circum-Saharan prehistory through the lens of mtDNA diversity, Farmers and their languages: the first expansions, Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations. 2019). Similar distributions of mtDNA and Y haplogroups were observed from whole genome sequencing data of a small group of SAC males from the Western Cape region (Choudhury et al. 2021). 2012; Skoglund et al. 2016). North African population history was also recently reviewed by Lucas-Snchez, Serradell et al. East Africans, it seems, is more suitable for hard physical labor than other countries. Because of this, African populations have experienced a heterogeneous mix of selection pressures. 2015; Bergstrm et al. There appears to be a genetic cline connecting the eastern African Hadza and southern African Khoe-San, as ancient huntergatherer genomes from eastern Africa show affinities to extant southern African San and EAHG (Pickrell et al. This gives them remarkable elasticity in their skin, which allows the skin to react to the strain. All these characteristics influence their muscle development, How to Reduce Face Fat by Exercise With Tips And Tricks, Does Running Make You Taller Full Guide 2023, Amla Benefits for Skin and Hair Many Problems One Solution, Why Am I So Sleepy In Winter 8 Reasons You Should Be Know, Hair Care Routine In Winter 14 Tips For Upgrading Your Hair Care, 7 Days Best Diet Plan For Weight Gain- For Men and Women, How East Africans Have Good Genetics for Muscle Building, 10 Ways How To Set And Achieve Fitness Goals For 2022. 2. 2020; Micheletti et al. 2023) because their accuracy decreases with distance to the study cohort (Priv et al. This is the first genetic anthropology study on Arabs in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. This understanding together with knowledge of its interactions with sociocultural factors that influence disease risk or treatment response can improve clinical care by improving the accuracy of genetic testing and/or assessment of therapeutic response (Hindorff et al.
